Risk Assessment of Chemical Inhalation of Perchloroethylene in the Dry-Cleaning Sector: Comparison Between Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation, a case study

Abstract

Introduction: Perchloroethylene (CAS 127-18-4) is a solvent used in dry cleaning. Its toxicity poses risks to the nervous system, liver, and kidneys, and it is considered carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In Colombia, occupational exposure limits exist but no specific regulations. Since there is evidence of unacceptable levels, the objective is to contrast the effectiveness of qualitative versus quantitative evaluation.

Methods: Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the inhalation risk of perchloroethylene were compared, applying the COSHH Essentials method and the methodology from Annex D of the Colombian Technical Standard GTC-45, respectively. For this purpose, data from a 2025 study were used as the basis to apply the qualitative method and to contrast both strategies in the context of occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry-cleaning industry.

Results: The COSHH Essentials method classified perchloroethylene at the highest risk level (4), suggesting controls and a quantitative evaluation. When comparing both approaches, it was found that the quantitative evaluation more precisely determines the level of risk through permissible exposure limits, confirming the level of exposure and guiding appropriate controls, although its application entails higher costs.

Conclusions: Qualitative methods allow for rapid and cost-effective evaluations, but their accuracy is limited in critical substances such as perchloroethylene. The combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is key to effectively managing risk, although their implementation faces economic challenges in Colombia.